Social Learning Theory Of Crime And Crime - 1310 Words

Unit 6 DB 1 Using Social Learning Theory Introduction Social learning theory is a considered an overall theory of crime and criminality and has been used to explain both criminal and non-criminal behavior. One of these youth gangs we will use this theory to understanding the criminal behavior is called the Zoe Pound. They are teenagers and older men in their 20s in this gang. They have become a problem in the last few years mostly because is of all the attention they are receiving all because of a special documentary on this gang that was broadcast on the History Channel. They have appeared in several times on the news in the last 15 years. This gang never stared out as a non-violent gang, and all efforts to control their growth have†¦show more content†¦This group is best described by police officers in the ones that rule by committee; uses automatic weapons, uses extreme violence and power-bestowing amulets, and those are just some of their features that differentiate this gang from other criminal gangs in Miami South Florida s of youth violence. This gang is organize and is rule by committee rather than a leader, they do not fight amongst themselves, and thereby they do not suffer any type of setback if one of the higher up is arrest or killed (taken out). With such organization this means that means everyone s a fall guy, and so far they have spread to other major cities like, New York, Atlanta, and Orlando Florida. This gang represents Akers (1998), statement, that the basic assumption behind this theory is that the same learning process can produce both conforming and deviant or delinquent behavior. He also â€Å"argues that individuals develop favorable or unfavorable definitions to deviance in interactions with their peers† (Akers, 1998). Thereby, just examine the Zoe Pound gang we can perceive that anyone who is hanging with this group is going to be deviant or display delinquent behavior. One might think that this would be labeling them, but this group is notorious for not letting just anyone hang around them i f they are not with their set,

Key Features of AL and CLT Approach - 1363 Words

1. Compare and contrast the key features of AL and CLT approach Audio-lingual approach Communicative teaching language approach Approach Nature of language -structural view -Language: a system of structural phonological, grammatical and lexical patterns to express the functional meanings -functional view -Language: a medium for social interaction and communication Nature of language learning Behaviorism – Habit formation via over-learning Learners’ engagement in authentic and meaningful task to promote language learning. (the learning process is influenced by linguistic, social, cognitive and individual factors) Design Objectives -Focus on positive habit of language response -Start to focus on fluency (meaning) -Start to focus on oral competence - Focus on learners’ communicative competences development ( including linguistic competence , actional competence, discourse competence, socio-cultural competence and strategic competence) - Focus on both accuracy(form) and fluency (meaning) (Fluency is more important than accuracy) Syllabus-content and its organization -Linguistic functions = teaching units; -Sequence = ascending difficulty/complexity; -Teaching materials = dialogues - The teaching content is organized functionally. -content: relevant to learner’s need/ level and learning styles/strategies. -The teaching content would normally be organized: - functionally; - notionally (theme-based); - in a task-based manner; - Or withShow MoreRelatedLanguage Pedagogy And Teaching Strategies1464 Words   |  6 Pagesgrammar-translation toward Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) (Brandl, 2007). During the 20th century, as increased attention was paid to the demand of communication skills, grammar-translation method which emphasizing knowledge of grammatical rules and translation activities was no longer effective (Richards Rodgers, 2001). In Australia, CLT is a preferred approach to be adopted for second language teaching (Fernandez, 2008). Therefore, the pedagogy of CLT incorporating an array of supportive teaching strategiesRead MoreThe Use of Simulation in Speaking Skill Development of Third-Year Students at Fast-Track Program1833 Words   |  8 Pagesnovel one named Communicative Language Teaching. This method aims at enhancing learners’ â€Å"communicative competence† which requires not only grammatical, lexical knowledge but strategic, actional and socio-cultural competence as wel l (Celce-Murcia et al, 1995). To meet the requirements of this new teaching method, simulation has been applied in language teaching lessons in order to improve speaking skills for students. Simulation has long been considered to be an innovative and creative teaching techniqueRead MoreBenefits Of Students Taking Introductory Physics Classes1563 Words   |  7 Pagesquantity (Van Heuvelen, 1991). Students are typically taught to solve well-structured problems (Jonassen, 2003). These problems with clear starting and ending points and a definite, structured solution path are conducive for the formula-centered approach. However, the types of problems encountered in everyday situations are ill-structured having no linearly defined solution, if a solution even exists. Unfortunately, high performance in these well-structured problems is not necessarily an indicatorRead MoreTeaching A Foreign Language : The Direct Method2375 Words   |  10 PagesTeachers play a key role in the students’ proficiency in acquisition of a foreign language and consequently, prominent debates about using one method or another in order to make the learning process more effective are crowding the bookshelves in libraries. Despite this outstanding proliferation a clear response is still not given. This essay will discuss many aspects of one of the major methods used when teaching a foreign language: the Direct Method, an approach that sets forth something differentRead MoreEnglish As Foreign Language Classes1883 Words   |  8 Pagesexpressed that â€Å"The cognitive domain refers to the use of our mental skills and to how we process knowledge†. Additionally, challenge is essential for learners because it could develop cognitively (ibid, p.15). In my opinion, challenge should be the key point of designing materials. Writing is regarded as the most difficult part in English language learning and the task 5.6 (p.15) can be seen as a challenge for students to write 300 words. I believe that they may feel happy and confidence as long asRead MoreSLA Lg teaching methods approaches7312 Words   |  30 Pages â€Å"†¦there is, as Gebhard et al.(1990:16) argue, no convincing evidence from pedagogic research, including research into second language instruction, that there is any universally or ‘best’ way to teach. Although, clearly, particular approaches are likely to prove more effective in certain situations, blanket prescription is difficult to support theoretically. The art of teaching does not lie in accessing a checklist of skills but rather in knowing which approach to adopt with different studentsRead MoreChapter One : Theoretical Framework Essay6065 Words   |  25 Pagesto cover the drawbacks of teacher-centered approach, education has adopted a new approach to learning, particularly language learning calling it the learner-centered approach. We will divide this chapter into two related sections. First part provides a cursory review about the learner-centered approach believing that it is the most suitable and fertile ground to cultivate critical thinking. We start by defining the concept of the learner-centered approach and its historical background. Then, we displayRead MoreIelts Syllabus Design2685 Words   |  11 Pagesgrading of content. At last, a conclusion will be given to summarise the key points in this essay. 2. The definition of syllabus Basically, a syllabus is a specification of what is to be included in a language course; and it concerns the selection of items to be learnt and the grading of those items into an appropriate sequence (Jordan, 2003; Hamer, 2002). Additionally, Nunan (1988) defines syllabus to a broad and a narrow approach. In a broad view, the syllabus and methodology should be togetherRead MoreTopic: Evaluation of Listening and Speaking Skills Activities of English Textbook Grade 5(P.T.B).4711 Words   |  19 PagesEnglish is considered to be a useful to access the world and among the four language skills i.e. listing, speaking, reading and writing. Speaking is the most important (Ur, 1997Haq.s, 2000- A training course for teachers. Cambridge University. An approach to the teaching of English- Ali printers). Oral language is the greatest use of language and is the basis communication. Through listening and speaking students learn about themselves and about their world. Learning to express ones thoughts, ideasRead MorePresenting the Rationale for the Field-Study, Its Aims and Scope, the Research Questions, Significance, Methods, and Design of the Field-Study.11884 Words   |  48 Pages(Allwright, 1982). Another concern is that since textbooks are often written for global markets, they may not suit all classrooms and might require adaptation to better meet students’ true needs (Richards, 2005). Non-authenticity is also the most limited feature of almost text books. Due to teaching purpose, both content and language are presented in idealized and standardized ways rather than they are in real life (Cunningsworth, 1995). Many experts have written on how to choose or develop materials, which

Silent Ears, Silent Heart Essay - 1320 Words

Silent Ears, Silent Heart I thought that Silent Ears, Silent Heart was an excellent book. It really gave you a full prospective of what a family and a person has to go through living a life without being able to hear sound it also helps you realize what someone has to go through that can’t hear what is going on around them. The book starts off with a couple named the Clines there’s Mr. Cline who is Jack who runs his own multimillion dollar business in a glass production. His dream is to have his son at his side and follow in his footsteps and run the family business someday. Then there’s Mrs. Cline who is Margret who is a stay at home wife that is waiting the arrival of their child. The book starts off with them being a typical†¦show more content†¦He was in complete denial. For some reason he thought that if his son cannot hear that makes him stupid and a retard. Witch I found appalling. That a father could say such a thing about his own son just because he was different and cou ld possibly have a disability. Throughout most of the book his father has a hard time excepting that his son has a problem. At one part he practically disowns his whole family. His business was having a big corporate business and his wife and son were there and one of the employees were explaining to someone else how his son was deaf and that his son is probably not going to be able to take over the family business, Mr. Clines pulls the man to the side and tells him as far as the business people know he has no family, no wife and no son which how could a father say that. The first time where I was able to see the father actually care is when his wife gets a letter in the mail asking them to register their son into a special needs program to try and get him ready for kindergarten since he will not be able to progress as quickly as the other children in class. But his mom had a very hard time letting go of her baby bay. He still was only 3 years old but that’s when he needed to start learning how to communicate so that he can be ready for kindergarten. Mr. Clines signs the paper right away but his wife is still having a hard time excepting sending her son to school so early when she couldShow MoreRelatedShort Story750 Words   |  3 PagesSILENT! Very silent it remained, at the moment that the room saved... ghost silent, all stood still. I opened the gated door and I faintly warped the rusted door knob, with pleasure I ushered in the friendly officers. A big sizable and nice, trusting smile I kept , to make sure they don’t sprout any c ertain suspicions. I sat them down right above where the body lied to rot. We prattled on about familiar topics, but hitherto then, I gained their assurance. Until the unforeseen chattering of my teethRead MoreIt Had Been A Hard Day’S Night For Michelle, Everything1682 Words   |  7 PagesMichelle walks as fast as she can down the alley to avoid another incident, she is almost running until she spots her apartment from behind a few trees. She hurries into the building and gets on the elevator. She wasn’t alone on the elevator, she stood silent with an older man; he appeared to be in his 70’s, he was old and frail, with an expression that said he wanted to be anywhere else at that moment. Michelle was too scared to face the man, so she kept her head down, focusing on nothing more than theRead MorePersonal Narrative : Dream Come True?1033 Words   |  5 PagesDream Come True?   Ã‚  Ã‚   A family rule I had growing up was that you were not aloud to get your ears pierced until you were eight years old. I wanted my ears pierced so badly. I used to wear fake earrings to school all the time. I didn’t know much about ear piercings, other than the fact that I felt so grown up when I wore earrings. All I knew was that someone would use a special tool, I would feel a pinch, and then BAM! I would be a grown up in no time. I remember my eighth birthday felt like an eternityRead MorePersonal Narrative - Original Writing Music Box 1028 Words   |  5 Pagespicked me up and sat me beside her. Her hands began to move. The sweet song that filled the house filled my ears, my lungs, my stomach, my heart. Everything. Melody hummed to the tune and I got up and danced around the sittin’ room. I twirled around until my head got so dizzy I fell down. Mel got up and helped me back to my feet and we started dancing again. Smiling the whole time, ear to ear, as we danced through the room, into the kitchen, and back into the sittin’ room. Moma laughed at our sillyRead MoreSaying Goodbye to Dad1009 Words   |  4 Pagesthat they may know eternal peace. He bowed his head and silence fell over the grief-stricken onlookers. Those unlucky few, who had experienced the atrocity and lived to tell the tale, together with the family members of the fallen soldiers stood, silent, in attendance as the twenty-one gun salute was fired. The flag, symbolising everything they had died fighting for, waved at half mass paying tribute to the fallen saints. A woman, Hope, was hidden among the mass with the other soldiers’ familiesRead MoreThe Swim Competition Essay696 Words   |  3 Pagesnever fails. There is so much noise—the splash of water, talking, yelling, whistling, cheering. Can’t think. My body shakes and screams from the tension. Heart pounding, nerves tingling, every muscle contracted. Stop. Focus. Deep breath and close everything out. I shut my eyes and the turbulent world in which I am submerged goes black and silent. Coach says visualize the race. Visualize your ideal race. I visualize†¦. The one hundred fly—it is my mountain. This mountain is rocky, snowy, and steepRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Bedroom With Fill The Gaps Dubus 1303 Words   |  6 Pages enabling the viewer to understand the conversations absent to the ear. Throughout both the short story and movie, Dubus and the screenwriter portray Matt and Ruth as lacking the essential glue one needs after a death: communication. Initially, the bedroom is where Matt and Ruth can address their â€Å"deepest feelings† (Dubus 1126); however, after the death of their son Frank, the atmosphere of the bedroom becomes a sickening silent anguish. As Matt and Ruth never directly discuss the death of FrankRead MoreThe Club Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pagesin thick, black letters. Frankie removes the rope, allowing us to sit. Alice slides in first, curving around the sofa as she did earlier, and just when Im about to follow her, Angelo clutches my hand. â€Å"Sit with me,† his smooth voice purrs into my ear, making my knees buckle. As he slides onto the sofa, he pulls me close beside him, sliding his arm around my back to rest his hand on my hip. I ignore Alices glare that she focuses on me, or possibly Angelo. Instead, I turn my face, resting my cheekRead MoreSilence in The Chosen Essay1664 Words   |  7 PagesZionism and the development of Israel without the coming of the Messiah via papers, flyers, and rallies, grew oddly silent with the comings of more violence in Palestine. â€Å"†¦as Arab forces began to attack the Jewish communities of Palestine, as an Arab mob surged through Princess Mary Avenue in Jerusalem†¦as the toll of Jewish dead increased daily, Reb Saunders’ league grew strangely silent.† (pg.240). The silence of the Hasids showed just how depressed and grief-stricken they were with the acts of violenceRead MoreMy Speech On Faith And Faith1491 Words   |  6 PagesThe wind whispers into my ear his name, sitting down on my front porch looking up into the sky thinking wh at it would feel like to be part of something that is out of this world. But for me, faith is something you can’t change or just even something you cannot force to happen. Until he came along, he wasn’t one of those boys that was annoying and that was after every girl that was passing by. We all think of every boys and girls the same, but we have to truly see who this person is. My uncle surprisingly

Essay On Mass Media - 777 Words

Ahsha Rolle 8/28/2017 HUM/186 Allyson Wells Mass Media: Development and Literacy Assignment What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media during the last century? In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Americans received their news through newspapers and magazines. Television journalism has just taken over in the last 50 years. Today, the internet makes information and news available at the click of a button. The internet also plays a role in politics, and candidates use and special interest groups use different forms of advertising through the internet. With the evolution of media involving newspapers and magazines in the U.S, political parties used these outlets to push their agendas. The Federalist†¦show more content†¦New media has taken over traditional media mainly because; they are more immediate, often are free, and can reach people from all around the world. How did each development influence American culture? New media (internet, social media, and electronics) have influenced American culture tremendously. In today’s society, the average American probably wakes up and immediately reaches for their smart phone to check their social media sites. On these sites, you can learn about any current events, breaking news, and what your friends are up to. You can explore new restaurants through social media and make and reservation for dinner. The internet has become an integral part of daily life. Technology has made it possible to watch TV, apply for a job, and call relatives overseas all at the same time if you wanted. Work meeting now use teleconferences online, and written forms of communication are expressed through emails and memo’s. You can also participate in online dating sites to help you find love. This is particularly beneficial to people who are very busy and who don’t have time for traditional ways of finding a date. The electronic gaming systems have also developed to influence American culture. In 1970 the Atari was introduced to the world. It was a simple black and white table tennis simulator game. In 1980 game makes made it possible for gamers to communicate back it forth whileShow MoreRelatedMass Media Essay720 Words   |  3 Pages Mass Media: Development and Literacy Assignment Emily Lewis Horne University of Phoenix HUM 186 October 30, 2017 The Major Developments of the Mass Media In the textbook, Media and Culture: Mass Communication in a Digital Age, written by Richard Campbell, it talks about wat mass media is and the mass media developments. It said, â€Å"The mass media are the cultural industries—the channels of communication—that produce and distribute songs, novels, TV shows, news- papers, movies, video gamesRead MoreMass Media Essay1114 Words   |  5 PagesMass media has been around for decades and it has grown more rapidly as technology advances. It started with telegraphs and eventually turned into televisions, newspapers, cell phones, magazines, and the internet. The purpose of mass media is to provide news/information, education, and entertainment. With these purposes, comes the influence of all the information we are exposed to. Most might say that mass media has had a positive impact on society as it’s made communication and information easilyRead MoreMass Media Essay827 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding the media and w hat media literacy entails is an important trait that everybody should learn. There were a few developments in the evolution of mass media that took place in the past century. Mass communication first started in the earliest of society which started the written and oral communication era. In this time information was passed down through oral traditions by teachers or story-tellers. As time passed and more stories were told the alphabet and written word finally were createdRead More Mass Media Essay1714 Words   |  7 PagesMass Media Have you ever had an original thought? Why do we dress the way we do, watch what we watch or even live the way we do. Through our means of entertainment, it is almost a guide in how one should live their life. With the technology we have in our world we are persuaded to believe what is right and what is wrong. Although we create our own world, our thoughts were imposed upon us since the day we are born. â€Å"What if the world is some kind of show. What if we are only talents assembledRead MoreMass Media Essay892 Words   |  4 Pages Mass Media: Development and Literacy Option A HUM/186 Nichole LeBlanc 12/04/2017 This week we learned about the different types of mass media and the formation of them. We were given insight into how much the media has changed over time and how it affects our daily lives. Over the course of history, there has been many types of media that have come about. In the last century, some of the major developments in the evolution of mass media wereRead MoreEssay On Mass Media1277 Words   |  6 PagesAlston HUM/186 September 25, 2017 Allyson Wells INTRODUCTION Mass Media reaches a large part of our audiences today, whether it be from the movies, advertising, the internet, newspapers, magazines, twitter, you tube, Instagram, Facebook and so forth and because of this it can affect how we think and believe, both personally and as a society. Today, I will address three specific areas that product mass media channels have been used and has made a difference, either to me personallyRead MoreMass Media Essay1172 Words   |  5 Pagesof the police department would be eliminated, but due to a common council comprised of only one black, and very conservative reflecting the fear of the still majority white communities played on reports of crime exacerbated by the main stream news media, intensified enforce and repression of the black community (Elkins qtd. in Stone 107 Widick 153-156). One notorious element of the police department, that is still talked about today, is the â€Å"Big Four,† a patrol unit consisting of four large whiteRe ad MoreMass Media Essay739 Words   |  3 Pages Mass Media: Development and Literacy Alex Mitchell HUM/186 September 25,2017 Allyson Wells Mass Media: Development and Literacy Mass media has come a long way the past century. What started as books, newspapers, and magazines being the only way to receive any news or messages, has developed into much more than that now. The major developments in the evolution of mass media during the last century have literally changed our world and the way we get our information. These developmentsRead MoreEssay on Mass Media1405 Words   |  6 Pages1. There are different forms of social media, each with a primary purpose. For example: Bloggs: Is web site base with no online membership. Internet users post short articles, and press releases. This media is capable of reaching large audiences through texting, Video images, and links to other related media. Social Net Working Sites: yet another popular virtual community, such as, My Space, and Face book. Both sites can be used to upload pictures, videos, post messages, and create a personalRead MoreEssay on Mass Media2735 Words   |  11 PagesMass Media is a major part of the everyday lives of American citizens. Mass media provides the public the means for obtaining information, and knowledge about various aspects of life such as the economy, foreign affairs, weather, entertainment, crimes, and last but not least, politics. †The media are key institutions in our society. They affect our culture, our buying habits, and our politics. They are affected in turn by changes in our beliefs, tastes, interests and behavior†(Biagi, 11). The media

Mgt/420 Week 1 Role of Stakeholder Free Essays

Role of a Stakeholder Paper Janice Horton MGT/420 November 26, 2012 Thomas Ach Role of Stakeholders The stakeholder representation of excellence as obtainable challenge to include the growing requirement for organization to act in response to the requirements and prospect of more and more assorted cluster at the same time as unmoving distributes shareholder value. Countless of the ideology and the practice of superiority organization have been eager with the requirements and potential of meticulous groups that have been approved for an extended time as part of the conventional decision-making replica (Freeman, 1984). These include collections such as clientele, staff, and dealers. We will write a custom essay sample on Mgt/420 Week 1 Role of Stakeholder or any similar topic only for you Order Now The stakeholder model offers a hypothetical good reason and theoretical structure within which the excellence characteristic of associations with other, more varied, collection can be openly measured and lectured to in a holistic method. The stakeholder replica of quality can be consequently seen as basically different from replica that have come earlier than. Without a doubt, it is so different, it can be seen to symbolize an up-and-coming third age bracket of eminence that increasingly will substitute those that came former. Its focal point is motionless on excellence but the way in which superiority is lecture to be different. Three main stakeholders in Engro corporate hierarchy in Pakistan are the people who suggest and propose areas of improvement for enhancing the efficacy of quality management processes. The Board of directors plays an integral role to evaluate quality management processes throughout the life cycle of various projects while preserving and enhancing the image of the company. This resultantly improves quality in the management processes. Company employees are the stakeholders who gave candid feedback on the vision, progress, and evaluate the policies and highlight the areas of improvement. That is why a company like Engro has a policy that allows people to â€Å"Speak their Hearts out. † which allows their opinions and concerns to be heard. This tool also gives company’s many of ideas to improve upon their management style and processes. Various customers’ feedback surveys and surveys regarding knowing the voice of customers play an important role to give suggestions and opinionated ideas to add value to their systems and management processes. This brings definite value and quality in it. Another company like Agritech (Pak American Fertilizers Limited) in Pakistan arranges sessions with its major stakeholders during different times of the year. Customers, farmers, and dealers speak and help company improve upon their quality and processes. Sessions with Banks, suppliers, board of directors and employees are another toll to get 360 degree feedback on systems, quality, and processes to get ideas to build further upon them to improve management and quality in all aspects of their operations and systems of management. References Svendsen, A. (1998), The Stakeholder Strategy: Profiting from Collaborative Business Relationships, Berrett Koehler San Francisco http://www. cmqr. rmit. edu. au Wheeler, D. and M. Sillanpaa (1997). The Stakeholder Corporation. London, Pitman http://engro. com/our-businesses/engro-fertilizers-limited/ How to cite Mgt/420 Week 1 Role of Stakeholder, Essay examples

Space Exploration Essay free essay sample

Space exploration has always been fascinating. It gives us hope of finding something new. Humans have always been explorers. When people from old times didn’t know about unknown lands they were compelled to explore them. The idea of space exploration has a sense of mystery and excitement about it. We have achieved some of the goals but not all. Through our space probes we were able to find new planets stars and even galaxies. Space exploration should continue because it could help solve many problems on Earth, such as overpopulation and lack of resources. There are many reasons that space exploration should continue. If Earth ever becomes too overpopulated or over polluted, then perhaps people can move to Mars. But not everyone agrees on the same thing but I believe that we should and should not spent money on space exploration and there are good reasons that I will explain later on why I agree on the pros and the cons of space exploration. We will write a custom essay sample on Space Exploration Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In our history many great things have happened. We have been inventing and exploring things since day one. Many of these things that we discovered or invented. We thought would never be possible in earths life time. But they exist now, today, they are used by almost every human being and there are many more incredible and unimaginable things to come and aid us in everyday life. One of the most interesting things to me would fall under Space exploration. I say that no money should be wasted in space exploration simply because all that money that we are t. using on space can be well used to taking care of our country, and paying the country’s debt. Our country is making a lot research that we basically don’t need, exploring the universe and its mysterious yes it’s a nice thing because we can learn more from it. However our universe is so big that we could never figure out what is actually going on. From the others point of view if we have to use the money for something they would strongly approve that they use it for space exploration. Let’s say the world is on its edge and we have to get off of the earth then we could take rocket ships and we could live on the moon. If we continue space exploration we could probably find a planet that has water or oxygen. The movie wall-e was a great example. The grown-ups and children had to go into space and live in a giant space ship because the world ended. That is most likely to happen to us if the earth just becomes a dump. Space exploration uses millions of dollars so people could go to different planets and get samples and search for life on other planets. We have so far found no life in our solar system but based on other research we have found other planets that have water and that you can actually breathe on them and that have their own solar system. Exploring is good but not to do it whenever they like, they should use exploration for something good, whenever we actually have problems out there. There is yet a lot to discover what really lies beyond our solar system is there life on others planets are we alone in this universe. We can get these questions answered if we or NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) put a little time and money. Since population on earth have been increasing intensively NASA recently have found three planets that may have the atmosphere or the right amount of chemicals to start a life. Well money was not totally wasted because of what we find every day. But this is also making a decline in society while we take care of things outside our world we need to look inside as well. We have a high rate of poverty on earth some people suggest that we should use this money to help them but there have been foundations that help people to reduce poverty. Another way it is useless is because we are putting astronaut’s life in danger in the past missions to space nearly 18 astronauts have lost their life due to some technical difficulty or some other reason so it would not be safe for them.

Applied Portfolio Management Strategy Formulation

Question: Describe about the Strategy Formulation, Strategy Implementation and Risk associated with strategy implementation? Answer: Introduction: To achieve the objectives by implementation, formulation and evaluation of cross-functional decisions, strategic management is used with a well defined art and science. By this definition, we can conclude that, strategic management keeps its light of focus on accounting, development/research, information systems, production/operation, so that we can achieve desired height of the company in context of development. With the term strategic management, we can refer the formulation along with implementation, evaluation. There are three phase of strategic management, i.e. Strategy formulation: Includes the development of mission, vision along with the identification of external opportunities of an organization, determination of weakness and strengths, long term and alternative objectives are set, and what will be the desired strategy to peruse with, how resources should be allocated , how the hostile takeover can be deducted. Strategy implementation: This stage is also called as action stage, sometimes considered as much difficult stage to be dealt with in strategic management. It requires to be disciplined towards the work and its environment, sacrifice and commitments. Strategy evaluation: As a last stage in strategy evaluation a strategists looks for the faulty strategies, which are not working. Though we know, being a strategist one must keep in touch with updates on internal and external factors, as they are changing with time. So by the objective of evaluation, we can identify three phases- Internal and external factor must be reviewed, which are bases of currently running strategies Performance should be measured Correct actions should be taken in order to reach the goal. In context of Strategic planning, we can say it companys game plan. It results by having a good managerial or decision maker choice which commits to specific policies, markets, procedures with operation to be built along. There are many colleges and universities available where the strategic management term is used as a course BA (Business Administration) (Small Business - Chron.com, 2015). Strategy Formulation: As a broad plan a strategy is developed by an Organization to carry out and deploy the plan from the origin to its goal. A strategy which is designed well can carries capability to reach the goal as per the requirement of the organization. A good strategy with its effectiveness allows the environment to adapt changes which are meant by the strategy. To develop the strategy, it is needed perform Strategy formulation. It should be known to all employees, so that they always aware about the companys purpose, vision, objectives. An Organization is always pushed towards the track to evaluate the companys budget allocation, evaluation of resources and determination of most applicable plan for the maximization of the Return On Investment(ROI) (Jurevicius, 2015). It is required to have series of sequentially maintained step to do Strategy formulation. It is must to take the steps in order as they build in order upon each other. Strategy formulation requires few steps, which are- Definition of Organization: As a definition of the organization it is always intended to know first about the customer of the company. Definition of Strategic mission: It defines a clearly stated fact that to go forward what actually company is striving for and it provides a perspective of long range. It states the fact of value, business nature, position held by the company in marketplace. Being aware about the companys value one can establish mission and vision over that, which will become the foundation or base of the strategy, which is going to be built. Definition of strategic Objectives: Here an Organization requires identification of needed target on performance. This purpose include some objectives: productivity of services and goods, advanced technology, increment of sales, desirable market share, improved service for the customers. Definition of Competitive Strategy: In this step it is determined that in what stage the company is holding its position in marketplace. It is applicable not only as a whole on the company, but applies itself throughout the each and every small unit in the organization and determines the performance to hold the position of the company, which is in competitive position in market. Continuous implementation: It is simply a process of maintaining and implementing the parts of strategy, which are going to help in the next step of strategy formulation. Assessment of value: every organization has its own value, when we will be developing a strategy for a organization, we should keep in mind that, it should follow the values, culture, stakeholders, operating philosophy of the organization. There are three Stages defined in the Strategy Formulation: Input stage(stage 1): It is a stage where formulation done on the framework consists of IFE matrix, INTERNAL STRENGTH WEIGHT RATING WEIGHTED SCORE Largest manufacturer 10% 4 0.40 suppliers 12% 4 0.48 Good reputation 4% 3 0.12 Close proximity/location 8% 4 032 Increasing cash flow 4% 3 0.12 Loyal employees 5% 3 0.15 reliable and cheap financing 4% 3 0.12 minimal service complaints 3% 4 0.12 strong management team 4% 3 0.12 Financial ratios %% 4 0.20 INTERNAL WEAKNESS Saturated market 10% 1 0.10 Sensitive to raw material prices 15% 2 0.30 Little diversification 8% 2 0.16 Absence of strategic partner 4% 1 0.04 Lack of resources 4% 1 0.04 Major weakness (1), minor weakness (3), minor strength (3), major strength (4) TOTAL WEIGHTED SCORE 100% 2.79 EFE matrix OPPERTUNITIES weight rating Weighted score Industry consolidation 11% 4 0.44 Privatization in CE countries 12% 3 0.36 Growth of low-cost sector 10% 2 0.20 Increased demand 8% 4 0.32 THREATS Declining margins 16% 3 0.48 Government oversight 10% 1 0.10 Climbing prices of key inputs 5% 3 0.15 New security tax 8% 2 0.16 Economic down turn 5% 2 0.10 Sudden replacement of key person 15% 1 0.15 poor(1), below avg.(2), above avg.(3), superior(4) TOTAL WEIGHTED SCORE 100% 2.46 Competitive profile matrix. Comapany T J MAX Critical success factor weight Rating score Reputation of brand 0.12 4 0.48 product integration level 0.08 2 0.16 Product range 0.06 3 0.18 New, successful integration 0.03 2 0.06 Market share 0.15 1 0.15 Per employee sale 0.07 3 0.21 Low structure of cost 0.06 6 0.36 Varieties in distribution channel 0.07 4 0.28 Retention of customers 0.02 8 0.16 Superiors in it capabilities 0.12 7 0.84 Strong presence during online 0.14 4 0.56 Successful promotion 0.08 8 0.64 total 1.0 - 4.08 This stage summarizes the basic need information on input for the formulation of the strategy. The machine stage (stage 2): after aligning the important external and internal factors, machine stage focuses on the generation of alternative feasible strategies. It includes the StrategicPositionandActionEvaluation(SPACE)Matrix, Boston ConsultingGroup(BCG)Matrix, Threats-Opportunities-Weaknesses-Strengths(TOWS)Matrix, Internal-External(IE)Matrix (Mba-tutorials.com, 2015). Threats-oppertunities-weakness-strenghts(TOWS) matrix Decision Stage: Using only the QuantitativeStrategicPlanningMatrix (QSPM), it uses only this single technique. It uses the required information available In stage 1, to evaluate the alternatively available strategies, which are feasible enough to deal with in stage 2 (Education Portal, 2015). Strategy implementation: Here are few points must be highlighted to make projection on to implement the strategies Establishment of annual objectives. Policies should be devised. Motivate employees. Allocate resources. Developing cultures, which are strategy supportive. Creation of organizational structure. Redirection on the efforts on market. Preparation of budgets. Development of information system. Risk associated with strategy implementation: Uncertain economic conditions: due to having a slump in economic situation, it is may be need to alter the schedule made for implementation. It may happen that the assumption on the demands and the services on products may go lower. Here, in order to cut the expenses it may be needed to scale back my marketing plan with such a uncertain economic conditions. Competitive factors: It often happens that small and medium business enterprise can face the competitors and challenging situation in market. It may happen that existing competitors have launched new product or the advance version of the existing product. Strategists must have to adjust his/her strategy to encounter such tricky situation. Delays made to complete a project: strategy implementation may require a series of step to be completed by different department. It may happen that if one task is delayed by one department, it may happen that other departments will delay their task due to its dependence on other task. E.g. if a launch of product is made by T. J. MAX by the coming year, but if it happens that there is delay in design phase and also in the phase of testing of the product, then obviously there will be a delay in strategic implementation. Unavailability of key person: delays in implementation of strategies may cause by the sudden unavailability of the key person, such as, sudden death, or urgent shifting from the current place can raise this situation, as the implementation needs another responsible and qualified person in replacement of the pervious person. Higher cost in for the implementation which is beyond the forecasting: According to the chosen strategy, staffs of T. J. MAX will be preparing marketing budget according to the relative cost. Though previously not build plans in company may make situation, where it is not easy to do forecast on cost assignment. It may happen that, cost needed in strategy crosses the forecast which requires taking decision to reduce the cost to reach goal as a ultimate profit. Unavailability of key distributers and suppliers: some time organizations like T J MAX depend on one or more suppliers for the supply of the key product. It may happen that there is sudden unavailability of the suppliers, due to which the achievement of revenue growth, which was forecasted in strategic plan, may not achieve. Here company requires a new distributor renewing the distribution agreement. Regulation made by government: company may face difficulties due to the introduction of the new government rules and norms. E.g. it may happen that due the govt. rules, municipality didnt allow the company to have additional location planned by the strategists (Referenceforbusiness.com, 2015). Strategy Evaluation: As a strategy formulation, it is important keep our focus also on strategy evaluation, as we plan it to build it and evaluates it. With the strategy evaluation, we can throw light on the effective and efficient facts of the plans under concerned. As final phase of strategic management strategic evaluation is done. Setting benchmark: in projection we highlight the beneficial factors of the strategy driven plan. By setting benchmark, some factors are encountered, such as- proper way to set benchmark and proper way to express them which in turn determines the performance. By performance, it is very essential o to discover the requirements, specially needed to perform the main task. There are two criteria to available for assessment of the performance, which are quantitative criteria (ROI, net profit, per share earnings, employee turnover rate, production cost) and qualitative criteria (potential of risk taking, skills, flexibility etc.) . Measurement of performance: Being a bench mark of standard performance, actual performance is needed to compare. The communication and reporting system helps in measuring the performance. Analyzing the variance: While the comparing and performance is measured with the standard performance , may be there analyzing of variances is required. Degree of tolerance must be mentioned by the strategies which limits between standard and actual performance able to be accepted. Taking corrective Actions: a corrective action by a well planned strategy is needed where deviation of performance exists. If consistently the performance is decreasing from the desiring performance, then the strategists needed to carry the detailed analysis of factors, which are responsible for this kind of performance (Ewaluacja.gov.pl, 2015). Conclusion: Here to draw the conclusion on strategic management of T J MAX, I must bring some facts in context that it competed with wal-mart and other off-pricers. The report on opinion research have citied the T.J.MAX, which early mapped against some most of its competitors in a widely competitive space in major cities of Boston, New York, Chicago and Washington as of 2007 (Jurevicius, 2015). References Education Portal,. (2015). Strategy Formulation: Definition, Model Process | Education Portal. Retrieved 11 February 2015, from https://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/strategy-formulation-definition-model-process.html Ewaluacja.gov.pl,. (2015). Definition and Types of Evaluation. Retrieved 11 February 2015, from https://www.ewaluacja.gov.pl/english/Strony/Evaluation.aspx Jurevicius, O. (2015). Strategy Tools | Strategic Management Insight. Strategicmanagementinsight.com. Retrieved 11 February 2015, from https://www.strategicmanagementinsight.com/tools.html Mba-tutorials.com,. (2015). Internal External- IE Matrix. Retrieved 11 February 2015, from https://www.mba-tutorials.com/strategy/391-internal-external-ie-matrix.html Referenceforbusiness.com,. (2015). Strategy Formulation - organization, levels, system, advantages, manager, school, company, hierarchy, business. Retrieved 11 February 2015, from https://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Sc-Str/Strategy-Formulation.html Small Business - Chron.com,. (2015). Business Strategies. Retrieved 11 February 2015, from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/business-strategies/?__hstc=753710.624565fe59b2bacaba16576ddf1a89a7.1423634914130.1423634914130.1423634914130.1__hssc=753710.1.1423634914133__hsfp=2062607028